Influencia de ácidos grasos en parámetros sanguíneos y adipogénesis. Estudio experimental en pollos eclosionados / Influence of fatty acids on blood parameters and formation of adipocytes at early age

Introducción: La alimentación en la primera infancia influencia la instauración del tejido adiposo y el desarrollo de diversas patologías en la edad adulta. Objetivo: Evaluar la influencia del consumo de tres fuentes de ácidos grasos sobre parámetros sanguíneos y tejido adiposo en pollos recién eclosionados. Materiales y métodos: Se utilizaron 76 pollitos Cobb 500 distribuidos aleatoriamente en cuatro tratamientos, que fueron alimentados durante siete días con una de las cuatro dietas (T1: 97% Dieta basal (DB); T2: DB +3% de manteca vegetal parcialmente hidrogenada; T3: DB +3% de aceite de quinua y T4: DB +3% de aceite de pescado). Al finalizar, se evaluó en sangre glucosa, colesterol, triglicéridos y tamaño de adipocitos del tejido adiposo subcutáneo y visceral. Se aplicó ANOVA considerando 0,05 de significancia y en el caso de variables no distribuidas normalmente, se aplicó el test no paramétrico de Kruskal-Wallis mediante el programa R-Studio. Resultados: Se obtuvieron diferencias significativas con disminución de los niveles de glucosa y colesterol en animales suplementados con elevada proporción de aceites insaturados (T3 y T4) en comparación a T2. Los tratamientos T3 y T4 promovieron una formación hiperplásica de adipocitos, diferenciándose significativamente de T2, que promovió la hipertrofia en dichas células, esta respuesta fue similar en ambos depósitos subcutáneos. Conclusiones: El consumo de aceite de quinua y aceite de pescado promueve la formación de tejido adiposo saludable, y reducen los niveles de glucosa y colesterol. Contrariamente el consumo de manteca vegetal propicia la hipertrofia de adipocitos de gran tamaño e incrementa los parámetros bioquímicos evaluados(AU)

Introduction: Feeding in early childhood influences the establishment of adipose tissue, and therefore also in the development of various pathologies in adulthood. Objective: To evaluate the influence of the consumption of three sources of fatty acids on blood parameters and adipose tissue at an early age. Materials and methods: 76 Cobb 500 chicks randomly distributed in four treatments were used, who were fed for seven days with one of the four diets (T1: Basal diet; T2: DB +1.0% vegetable shortening partially hydrogenated; T3: DB +1.0% quinoa oil and DB +1.0% fish oil) until the seventh day of life. At the end, glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides and adipocyte size of the subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue were evaluated. A completely randomized design with ANOVA considering 0.05 significance was applied and in the case of non-normally distributed variables, the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test was applied using the R-Studio program. Results: Significant differences were obtained with a decrease in glucose and cholesterol levels in animals supplemented with unsaturated oils (T3 and T4) compared to T2. Regarding the size of adipocytes, treatments T3 and T4 promoted a hyperplastic formation of adipocytes, differing significantly from T2, which promoted hypertrophy in these cells, this response was similar in both subcutaneous deposits. Conclusions: The consumption of quinoa oil and fish oil promote the formation of healthy adipose tissue, in addition to reducing glucose and cholesterol levels. In contrast, the consumption of vegetable shortening favors the hypertrophy of large adipocytes and increases the biochemical parameters evaluated(AU)

Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Omega-3 Fish Oil Accelerates MyoD and Myogenin Expressions Following Rat Exercise-Induced Muscle Injury Model in a Dose-Dependent Manner

@#Introduction: Exercise-induced muscle injury stimulates production of proinflammatory cytokines, e.g., TNF-α, resulting in impaired satellite-cell-dependent muscle regeneration. Omega-3 fatty acids emerge to possess anti-inflammatory properties. This study aims to analyze the effect of omega-3 fish oil administration on the levels of TNF-α, MyoD and myogenin expressions of satellite cells after injury. Methods: Twenty-nine adult male Wistar rats were randomized into five groups. Except for control groups, the rats underwent single bout of downhill running exercise and three groups were given low-to-high doses of omega-3 fish oil administration 2 hours after exercise. Blood samples were collected after 24 hours to measure the concentration of TNF-α using ELISA and then the soleus muscles were surgically removed after 72 hours to measure mRNA expressions of MyoD and myogenin using RT-PCR. Results: The results showed lower serum levels of TNF-α (166.83 ± 16.15 vs. 132.83 ± 25.44, 125.00 ± 17.26, 99.66 ± 32.00 pg/mL) and higher expressions of MyoD (0.47 ± 0.19 vs. 0.64 ± 0.20, 1.17 ± 0.16, 1.07 ± 0.14) and myogenin (0.45 ± 0.10 vs. 1.82 ± 0.35, 1.50 ± 0.34, 0.76 ± 0.20) in groups given low-to-high doses of omega-3 fish oil supplementation, respectively, compared to exercise group with no supplement at 72 hours after exercise. Conclusion: Our study suggests that omega-3 fish oil supplementation following muscle injury may accelerate myogenin expression and a low dose of supplementation achieves optimal effect in promoting muscle regeneration. .

Therapeutic potential of omega fatty acids in breast cancer. Review / Potencial terapéutico de ácidos grasos omega en cáncer de mama. Revisión

Background: Breast cancer is the second cause of death in women in developed and undeveloped countries, including Colombia. A high percentage of these tumors is estrogen dependent, for which the hormonal treatment is the most used therapy in breast cancer. Currently, the first line treatment for breast tumor in postmenopausal women is the letrozole, an aromatase enzyme inhibitor that avoids the transformation of androgens to estrogens. Since letrozole produced adverse effects on patients, there is a requirement for new alternative treatments. Furthermore, omega fatty acids (ω-FA), essential as they are obtained from the normal diet or from dietary supplements, have demonstrated nutraceutical potential because of their anti-inflammatory or pro-inflammatory activity. Nonetheless, there is controversy in in vitro, in vivo and epidemiologic reports regarding their preventive or inducing activities of carcinogenesis in animals and humans, depending on the structure of the ω-FA. Objectives: This review aims to show the main in vitro, in vivo and epidemiologic evidences of the chemotherapeutic potential of ω-3 and ω-6 FA in different types of neoplasm, particularly in breast cancer, in individual or combined treatments with diverse antineoplastics. Methods: PubMed and Science Direct databases revealed the most representative studies, published during the last two decades, about ω-3 and ω-6 FA, breast cancer and the principal therapeutic strategies for this neoplasm. Findings were presented in separated topics to provide an overview of ω-FA and their potential in treatments for breast cancer. Results: Patients treated with estrogens and progesterone derivate have shown predisposition to develop breast cancer after two years of continued therapy. Furthermore, ω-FA with known nutraceutical potential have demonstrated their potential as adjuvants in the treatment against different neoplasms, like hepatic and colon cancer. Conclusions: Current therapies for breast cancer and their low efficacy in the long term led to explore new alternative treatments with ω-FA. These essential fatty acids in daily consumption could enhance the antineoplastic agent effect. Nevertheless, metabolism of the ω-FA must be considered for this use.

Antecedentes: el cáncer de mama es la segunda causa de muerte de mujeres en países desarrollados y no desarrollados, incluido Colombia. La mayoría de estos tumores son dependientes de estrógeno por esa razón, la terapia más utilizada es la hormonal. Actualmente, el tratamiento de primera línea en mujeres posmenopáusicas es el letrozol, inhibidor de la enzima aromatasa, que evita la conversión de andrógenos en estrógenos. El letrozol causa efectos adversos en las pacientes, lo cual motiva la búsqueda de nuevas alternativas que disminuyan estos efectos. Los ácidos grasos omega, esenciales en la dieta regular o suplementaria, han mostrado su potencial nutracéutico ambivalente, como antiinflamatorios o proinflamatorios. Debido a esto, existe controversia en distintos reportes a nivel in vitro, in vivo y epidemiológicos sobre la actividad preventiva o quimioterapéutica de los ω-3 y ω-6 AGOs. Objetivos: el aporte de este artículo, es mostrar las principales evidencias in vitro, in vivo y epidemiológicas del potencial quimioterapéutico de los AGOs en tratamientos individuales y combinados con antineoplásicos, en distintos tipos de cánceres, particularmente en el cáncer de mama. Métodos: se revisaron las bases de datos PubMed y Science Direct y se seleccionaron los estudios más representativos de las dos últimas décadas sobre ω-3 y ω-6 AGOs y las principales estrategias usadas en el cáncer de mama. Los hallazgos se presentan en temas separados, primero una visión general de los AGOs y luego su potencial bioactivo en tratamientos contra el cáncer de mama. Resultados: la mayoría de los estudios en pacientes con cáncer de mama, tratadas con estrógenos y derivados de progesterona, han mostrado predisposición a desarrollar cáncer de mama después de dos años de terapia continua. De otro lado, los AGOs han demostrado su potencial como adyuvantes en el tratamiento en diferentes cánceres como el de colon y hepático. Conclusiones: las terapias actuales para el cáncer de mama y su baja eficacia a largo plazo exigen explorar nuevas alternativas de terapias, que incluyen los AGOs podrían potenciar fármacos, no obstante, es necesario tener en cuenta, el metabolismo de los AGOs, para uso

Influence of Fish Oil-Containing Lipid Emulsions on Parenteral Nutrition-Associated Liver Disease in Neonates

PURPOSE: This study is a comparative evaluation of the incidence of parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease (PNALD) when administering intravenous fat emulsions containing fish oil. METHODS: The medical records of patients who were in the neonatal intensive care unit at Severance Hospital from January, 2012 to December 2015, were reviewed retrospectively. Patients who were administered either soybean oil (SO) or SMOF (containing soybean oil, medium chain triglycerides, olive oil, and fish oil) more than 14 days were included. The patients were excluded if they were administered both agents or had underlying hepatic disease. An increase in bilirubin to 2 mg/dL was defined as PNALD. RESULTS: PNALD occurred in only 8 out of a total of 77 patients: 6 out of 31 (19.4%) in the SO group and 2 out of 46 (4.3%) in the SMOF group (P=0.055). The number of patients, whose lab values, such as direct bilirubin, total bilirubin, asparate aminotransferase (AST), alanine amino-transferase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, C-reactive protein, serum triglyceride, and alkaline phosphate, exceeded the normal range, were similar in both groups. The gestational age, birth body weight, and APGAR score at 1 min and 5 min were significantly higher in the SO group and the PN duration was significantly long in the SMOF group. Considering only term infants, there were no significant differences in baseline characteristics and incidence of PNALD. The number of patients whose AST exceeded the normal range was significantly higher in the SO group (P=0.034). CONCLUSION: The incidence of PNALD was similar in both groups. On the other hand, considering the tendency, there was a high correlation between the type of lipid emulsion and an increased direct bilirubin level in the SO group.

Effect of Fish Oil-based Intravenous Fat Emulsion with Parenteral Nutrition in Patients Undergoing Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

PURPOSE: Omega-3 fatty acid is known for immunonutrition in that it has anti-inflammatory properties and improves the patients' immune function. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of a fish oil-based lipid emulsion for adult patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). METHODS: This was a retrospective study of 90 adult allogeneic HSCT patients from July 2011 to June 2015. The patients were divided into two groups according to the lipid type provided; fish oil group (FO group, n=55) and non-fish oil group (NFO group, n=35). The demographics, parenteral nutrition and lipid emulsion duration, length of hospital stay (LOS), weight change, 30 day mortality, survival period, incidence of acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD), neutropenic fever, sepsis, and re-hospitalization were collected from the electronic medical records. RESULTS: The patients' characteristics including age, sex, body mass index, and underlying disease were similar in the two groups. The incidence of aGVHD and infectious complications, mortality, LOS, re-hospitalization were also similar. The FO group showed weight gains, whereas the NFO group showed weight loss (FO vs. NFO=0.34% vs. -1.08%, P=0.245). CONCLUSION: The clinical outcomes were similar in the two groups but there was a tendency for gain weight in the FO group. A large, well designed study, and a dosing study will also be needed to determine the optimal dose range for HSCT patients.

Screen the antioxidants in the preparation process of fish oil cream / 中国基层医药

Objective To investigate the effects of antioxidant on the fish oil cream and to enhance its stabil-ity.Methods The fish oil cream containing different antioxidant such as vitamin C,vitamin E,EDTA -2Na were prepared.The content of vitamin A with 6 months acceleration test and 12 months after long -term test were deter-mined by HPLC.Results Antioxidants had significant effect on the vitamin A content in fish oil cream,the sequence that antioxidants enhance the stability of the fish oil cream was as follows:VE +Na2 S2 O5 >VC +Na2 S2 O5 >VE +ED-TA -2Na >VC +EDTA -2Na >VE ﹥ Na2 S2 O5 >VC >EDTA -2Na.Conclusion The fish oil cream with antioxi-dant have favorable stability,composite antioxidant is better than single antioxidant.

Mercurio en pescados y su importancia en la salud / Mercury in fish and its importance in health

The contamination of fish with methylmercury (MeHg) could hamper the health promoting properties of fish. Currently, there is strong evidence about the health benefits of seafood consumption. When consumed by the mother before and during pregnancy it improves neurodevelopment of infants and toddlers. Thereafter it reduces the risk of cardiovascular and other chronic diseases. The benefits of fish are mainly due to its content of omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Other constituents, such as high biological value proteins, fat-soluble vitamins, minerals and trace elements contribute to the benefits. On the other hand, there is also convincing evidence about the adverse effects of MeHg on neurodevelopment both during gestation and in early childhood. We herein review the effects of mercury on health. Based on international evidence and new data on the mercury content in Chilean fish, we also propose a recommendation for fish consumption for our population.

Flaxseed, olive and fish oil influence plasmatic lipids, lymphocyte migration and morphometry of the intestinal of Wistar rats / Óleo de linhaça, oliva e peixe influenciam os lipídios plasmáticos, migração de linfócitos e morfometria intestinal de ratos Wistar

PURPOSE: Evaluate the effect of flaxseed, olive and fish oil on the lipid profile, preservation of villosities and lymphocyte migration in the intestinal mucosa of Wistar rats. METHODS: Thirty Wistar male rats were divided into four groups, which received the AIN-93M diet, with changes only to their lipid source: flaxseed, olive, fish, and soy oil (control group). The serum was separated for the biochemical parameter analysis. A histological evaluation was performed in the ileal portion. RESULTS: The group which was fed fish oil presented lower values when compared to the other treatments for Total Cholesterol, High-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Triacylglycerol (p<0.05). The animals treated with fish and olive oils presented better intestinal villosities preservation. Less deposition of lymphocytes was observed in the flaxseed group (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that flaxseed, olive and fish oils present different responses than soy oil for the intestinal mucosa preservation and lymphocyte proliferation in Wistar rats.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito dos óleos de linhaça, oliva e peixe no perfil lipídico, preservação das vilosidades e migração de linfócitos na mucosa intestinal de ratos Wistar. MÉTODOS: Trinta ratos Wistar foram divididos em quarto grupos e receberam dieta AIN-93M, modificando para cada grupo apenas a fonte lipídica: óleo de linhaça, oliva, peixe e soja ( grupo controle). O soro foi separado para análise dos parâmetros bioquímicos. A análise histológica foi realizada na porção ileal. RESULTADOS: O grupo que recebeu óleo de peixe apresentou menores valores de colesterol total, lipoproteína de alta densidade e triacilglicerol (p<0.05). Os animais tratados com óleo de peixe e oliva apresentaram melhor preservação das vilosidades intestinais. Menor deposição de linfócitos foi observado no grupo tratado com óleo de linhaça (p<0.001). CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo demonstrou que os óleos de linhaça, oliva e peixe apresentam diferentes respostas em relação ao óleo de soja na preservação da mucosa intestinal e proliferação de linfócitos em ratos Wistar.

Meta-analysis of fish oil in the treatment of IgA nephropathy / 中华肾脏病杂志

Objective To assess the efficacy of fish oil in the treatment of IgA nephropathy using the method of Meta-analysis. Methods Randomized controlled trials of fish oil in the treatment of IgA nephropathy were searched in the database of Cochrane library,PubMed, EMBASE and CNKI. Data extracted from the literatures were analyzed with Revman software (version 5.0). Results In comparison with the controlled group, proteinuria in the fish oil group was significantly decreased [SMD=-0.27, 95%CI (-0.52 to -0.03), P=0.03], while the renal function deteriorated [SMD=0.30,95%CI(0.05 to 0.55), P=0.02]. Conclusion Fish oil can decrease the proteinuria of IgA nephropathy, but can not prevent renal function from deterioration.

Differential Effects of High-carbohydrate and High-fat Diet Composition on Muscle Insulin Resistance in Rats

This study was conducted to evaluate whether the composition of carbohydrate or fat diet affects insulin resistance by measuring the muscle glucose transport rate. Both high-sucrose and high-starch diet with or without high-fat decreased insulin-stimulated glucose transport, but there were no significant differences among groups. Calorie intake in both high-sucrose and high-starch diet groups was higher than in chow group. The high-fat high-sucrose diet induced decrease in insulin-stimulated glucose transport was partially improved by supplement with fish oil. Calorie intake in high-fat high-sucrose and fish oil supplemented groups was higher than in chow group. The decreased insulin-stimulated glucose transport was accompanied by the increase in visceral fat mass, plasma triglyceride and insulin levels. These changes were improved by the supplement with fish oil. These results demonstrate that the composition of fat in diet is clearly instrumental in the induction of muscle insulin resistance. However, in high carbohydrate diet, it is likely that the amount of calorie intake may be a more important factor in causing insulin resistance than the composition of carbohydrate. Thus, the compositions of carbohydrate and fat in diet differentially affect on muscle insulin resistance.

Propriedades dos ácidos graxos poliinsaturados Omega 3 obtidos de óleo de peixe e óleo de linhaça / Properties of Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids obtained of fish oil and flaxseed oil

A presente revisão contém informações sobre os ácidos graxos poliinsaturados (PUFAs) Omega 3 e 6 que são lipídios essenciais que não são produzidos pelo organismo, mas que devem estar presentes na dieta. O Omega 3 é um tipo de ácido graxo poliinsaturado encontrado em peixes marinhos de águas frias e de algumas sementes de plantas. Através deste trabalho pode-se relatar as diferenças entre ácido graxo poliinsaturado do tipo 3 extraído de duas fontes (óleo de peixes e óleo de linhaça). Autoridades de saúde recomendam aumentar a ingestão de Omega 3 na alimentação, pois além de proporcionar efeitos benéficos, a sua baixa ingestão também pode levar a conseqüências prejudiciais para a saúde humana.

The present review comprises information about Omega-3, 6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) which are essential lipids not produced by human organism but must be present in our daily diet. Omega-3 is a type of polyunsaturated fatty acid found in cold water sea fish and in some seed plants. The aim of this study is to report the differences between the type-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid obtained from two sources (fish oil and linseed oil). Health authorities recommend increasing the consumption of Omega-3 because it not only brings beneficial effects but also its low consumption can lead to harmful consequences to human health.

The prevention and treatment effect of ω-3 fatty acids on intestinal mucosa in critical illness / 中国医师进修杂志

Objective To study the prevention and treatment effect of ω-3 fatty acids on intestinal mucosa in critical illness. Methods Forty patients including severe trauma, infection shock were enrolled as experimental group, while 30 healthy people as control group. At the same time, the patients in expermental group were randomly divided into group A and group B(20 cases each). While the patients were. Treated with low calorie parenteral nutrition totally, those in group A received ω-3 fatty acids additionally. The plasma concentrations of dimnine oxidase (DAO), endotoxin were detected by spectrophotography, and TNF-α was detected by ELISA. Results After treatment the concentration of DAO, endotoxin, TNF-α in group A and that of endotoxin in group B decreased significantly (P<0.05 ). While there was no significant difference of endotoxin levels between group A and group B. After therapy, DAO and TNF-α levels in group A were sig-nificantly lower than those in group B (P<0.05 ). The concentrations of DAO and TNF-α in group B were also significantly higher than those in control group (P<0.05). Conclusion ω-3 fatty acids can prevent and treat critical intestinal mucosa effectively.

Unprocessed fish oil in the treatment of hypercalciuric patients with urinary stone / 中国基层医药

Objective To study the effect of fish oil on calcium oxalate kidney stone formation. Methods The efficacy of unprocessed fish oil in the treatment of 20 hypercakiuric patients with urinary stones was evaluated, after administration of fish oil at dosage of 3000mg daioy of one week. Results Excretion of urinary calcium reduced significantly from (461.37?80.67)mg/d to (312.63?40.57)mg/d.The Mg2+ reduced from (136. 41?56. 12) mg/d to (108.43?18.96) mg/d. The Mg2+ /Ca2+ increased significantly from (0.29?0.08) to ( 0. 36?0.11)-Uric acid remained unchanged. Conclusion Unprocessed fish oil is safe and effective for the reduction of urinary calcium and might be used for the prevention of calcium stone recurrence.